mistakes

Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.” I talk quite a bit about our tendency not only to err, but to err in a particular (and predictable) direction -- and that direction is toward optimism. Many people see nothing wrong with this. From the time we are children, most of us are told to look on the bright side, to think positively. Which is fine, as far as it goes. But later in life, this trait usually becomes so ingrained that it forms a cognitive bias that can lead to a number of mistakes. ::Reviews and Recommendations::April 10, 2009::3 Comments::Email::Print. See Inside MIND Reviews: Why We Make Mistakes, by Joseph T. Hallinan Recommendations from Scientific American MIND By Nicole Branan 0 inShare. Share on Tumblr inShare.0 Share on Tumblr .Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average by Joseph T. Hallinan. Broadway Books, 2009 In the early 1980s a group of Mayo Clinic doctors decided to look at old chest x-rays of patients who later developed lung cancer. The radiologists who had initially checked the scans had found them to be normal, but the team reexamining them saw that 90 percent of the tumors had actually been clearly visible. Should this astronomical error rate surprise us? Not at all, journalist Joseph T. Hallinan says, because it’s only human to make such “looked but didn’t see” mistakes. Moreover, not seeing what is right in front of us is just one of a stunningly large array of shortcomings of the human brain that cause us to err, Hallinan claims. In Why We Make Mistakes, he provides the reader with an intriguing assortment of these failings. The book is chock-full of fascinating examples, ranging from entertaining to horrifying to utterly bizarre (a South Wales group of vigilantes, for example, vandalized a doctor’s office after confusing the words “pediatrician” and “pedophile”). We learn that humans tend to process information in specific contexts. That explains why, for hours, no one noticed the body of a Delaware woman who committed suicide by hanging herself on a tree at the end of October in 2005—people in the town thought it was a Halloween decoration. But it’s not just the limitations of our brains that cause us to make mistakes; equally at fault are our surroundings, which are often at odds with the way the human mind works, Hallinan says. Cars, for example, are rapidly turning into living rooms and offices, featuring access to phone, e-mail and text messaging, even though many studies have shown that humans are not capable of doing several things at once. Even worse, Hallinan warns, many “safety” devices work “by interrupting the driver at the worst possible time.” And yet car crashes usually get blamed on the driver, not the car. So, according to Hallinan, it’s not difficult to figure out why we often don’t learn from our mistakes and keep repeating them: “We haven’t understood their root causes.”